TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Kanz, Olga
A1  - Reinders, Angèle
A1  - May, Johanna
A1  - Ding, Kaining
T1  - Environmental Impacts of Integrated Photovoltaic Modules in Light Utility Electric Vehicles
JF  - Energies
N2  - This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules whichhave been integrated into electric vehicle applications, also called vehicle integrated photovoltaics(VIPV). The LCA was executed by means of GaBi LCA software with Ecoinvent v2.2 as a backgrounddatabase, with a focus on the global warming potential (GWP). A light utility electric vehicle (LUV)named StreetScooter Work L, with a PV array of 930 Wp, was analyzed for the location of Cologne,Germany.  An operation time of 8 years and an average shadowing factor of 30% were assumed.The functional unit of this LCA is 1 kWh of generated PV electricity on-board, for which an emissionfactor of 0.357 kg CO2-eq/kWh was calculated, whereas the average grid emissions would be 0.435 kgCO2-eq/kWh. Hence, charging by PV power hence causes lower emissions than charging an EV bythe grid. The study further shows how changes in the shadowing factor, operation time, and otheraspects affect vehicle’s emissions. The ecological benefit of charging by PV modules as compared togrid charging is negated when the shadowing factor exceeds 40% and hence exceeds emissions of0.435 kg CO2-eq/kWh. However, if the operation time of a vehicle with integrated PV is prolonged to12 years, emissions of the functional unit go down to 0.221 kg CO2-eq/kWh. It is relevant to point outthat the outcomes of the LCA study strongly depend on the location of use of the vehicle, the annualirradiation, and the carbon footprint of the grid on that location.
KW  - Fotovoltaik
KW  - Life cycle assessment
KW  - CO<sub>2</sub> emissions
KW  - Photovoltaic systems
KW  - Electric vehicles
KW  - VIPV
KW  - Umweltbilanz
KW  - Nutzfahrzeug
Y1  - 2020
UN  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:832-epub4-16223
SN  - 1996-1073
SS  - 1996-1073
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195120
DO  - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195120
VL  - 13
IS  - 19
SP  - 13
S1  - 13
PB  - MDPI
ER  -