@article{GiraldoOsorioTrujilloOsorioBaezVillanueva2022,
  author    = {Juan Diego Giraldo-Osorio and David Enrique Trujillo-Osorio and Oscar Manuel Baez-Villanueva},
  title     = {Analysis of ENSO-Driven Variability, and Long-Term Changes, of Extreme Precipitation Indices in Colombia, Using the Satellite Rainfall Estimates CHIRPS},
  series   = {Water},
  volume    = {14},
  number    = {11},
  editor    = {Scott Curtis},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  issn      = {2073-4441},
  doi       = {10.3390/w14111733},
  url       = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:832-epub4-20011},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Climate change includes the change of the long-term average values and the change of the tails of probability density functions, where the extreme events are located. However, obtaining average values are more straightforward than the high temporal resolution information necessary to catch the extreme events on those tails. Such information is difficult to get in areas lacking sufficient rain stations. Thanks to the development of Satellite Precipitation Estimates with a daily resolution, this problem has been overcome, so Extreme Precipitation Indices (EPI) can be calculated for the entire Colombian territory. However, Colombia is strongly affected by the ENSO (El Ni{\~n}o—Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. Therefore, it is pertinent to ask if the EPI’s long-term change due to climate change is more critical than the anomalies due to climate variability induced by the warm and cold phases of ENSO (El Ni{\~n}o and La Ni{\~n}a, respectively). In this work, we built EPI annual time series at each grid-point of the selected Satellite Precipitation Estimate (CHIRPSv2) over Colombia to answer the previous question. Then, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test was used to compare the samples drawn in each case (i.e., change tests due to both long-term and climatic variability). After performing the analyses, we realized that the importance of the change depends on the region analyzed and the considered EPI. However, some general conclusions became evident: during El Ni{\~n}o years (La Ni{\~n}a), EPI’s anomaly follows the general trend of reduction -drier conditions- (increase; -wetter conditions-) observed in Colombian annual precipitation amount, but only on the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Andean region. In the Eastern plains of Colombia (Orinoqu{\´i}a and Amazonian region), EPI show a certain insensitivity to change due to climatic variability. On the other hand, EPI’s long-term changes in the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Andean region are spatially scattered. Still, long-term changes in the eastern plains have a moderate spatial consistency with statistical significance.},
  language  = {en}
}