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This paper presents a series of flow and temperature measurements on the principal heat network of :metabolon in Lindlar, Germany. These measurements intend to show the behaviour of the system on specific production areas of :metabolon for future monitoring and optimisation purposes. Such measurements allow the analysis of the system’s heat flow through the network, which showed that losses exist, some areas. The results demonstrate successfully that the temperature and flow changes deserve more detailed and fixed monitoring in specific areas to help the user decide the optimum measuring point.
A level graph G = (V,E,λ) is a graph with a mapping λ : V → {1,...,k}, k ≥ 1, that partitions the vertex set V as V = V1 ∪...∪ Vk, Vj = λ-1(j), Vi ∩ Vj = ∅ for i ≠ j, such that λ(v) = λ(u) + 1 for each edge (u, v) ∈ E. Thus a level planar graph can be drawn with the vertices of every Vj, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, placed on a horizontal line, representing the level lj , and without crossings of edges, which can be drawn as straight line segments between the levels. Healy, Kuusik and Leipert gave a complete characterization of minimal forbidden subgraphs for level planar graphs (MLNP patterns) for hierarchies [4]. Minimal in terms of deleting an ar- bitrary edge leads to level planarity. A radial graph partitions the vertex set on radii, which can be pictured as concentric circles, instead of levels, lj = (j cos(α), j sin(α)), α ∈ [0,2π), mapped around a shared center, where j, 1 ≤ j ≤ k indicates the concentric circles’ radius. Comparing embeddings of radial graphs with that of level graphs we gain a further possibility to place an edge and eventually avoid edge crossings which we wish to prevent for planarity reasons. This offers a new set of minimal radial non planar subgraphs (MRNP patterns). Some of the MLNP pat- terns can be adopted as MRNP patterns while some turn out to be radial planar. But based on the radial planar MLNP patterns and the use of augmentation we can build additional MRNP patterns that did not occur in the level case. Furthermore we point out a new upper bound for the number of edges of radial planar graphs. It depends on the subgraphs in- duced between two radii. Because of the MRNP patterns these subgraphs can either consist of a forest or a cycle with several branches. Applying the bound we are able to characterize extremal radial planar graphs. Keywords: radial graphs, minimal non-planarity, extremal radial planar
This paper gives an overview of the development of Fair Trade in six European countries: Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. After the description of the food retail industry and its market structures in these countries, the main European Fair Trade organizations are analyzed regarding their role within the Fair Trade system. The following part deals with the development of Fair Trade sales in general and with respect to the products coffee, tea, bananas, fruit juice and sugar. An overview of the main activities of national Fair Trade organizations, e.g. public relation activities, completes the analysis. This study shows the enormous upswing of Fair Trade during the last decade and the reasons for this development. Nevertheless, it comes to the conclusion that Fair Trade is still far away from being an essential part of the food retail industry in Europe.
The increasing public awareness of business related impacts on environmental and social well-being, be it positive or negative, are nowadays key drivers of corporate success. Internal and external business environments exert pressure and force transparency as well as responsible action in terms of resolving environmental and social impacts. In line with this, Porter and Kramer regard business behaviour that addresses societal needs and challenges, as the “new way to achieve economic success”.
However, whereas some companies “remain trapped in an out-dated approach to value creation” and restrict their CSR commitment to the compliance with governmental regulation, others proactively address stakeholder needs. By addressing these needs, companies can benefit from grasping the opportunity of enhanced cost efficiency and lowered risk or gaining competitive advantages through establishing unique value propositions, in a way that meets stakeholder demands. Apart from that, CSR performance can be seen as powerful tool to successfully influence stakeholder perceptions in terms of reputation, and thus an exceptional source of value creation. In addition to this, organisations can profit from win-win-win situations related to syncretic value creation by means of partnering with stakeholders. This, however, implies expanding the focus of cost- and risk-reduction towards increasing competitiveness through creating mutual benefits for environment, society and the economy alike.
Although a growing number of companies have recognised the advantages coming along with Corporate Social Responsibility engagement, the accompanying efforts have not been sufficiently mature yet. Due to the fact that many organizations apply a rather narrow and out-dated approach to value creation, they fail to achieve a balance between environmental, social and economic objectives. This, in turn, implies a restriction in their ability to exploit the full value creation potential that is related to CSR engagement. But even organisations applying a broader perspective of value creation, struggle to internalise the opportunities. This is mainly due the challenge of balancing and integrating economic and non-economic criteria. At the same time, organizations are facing the challenge of getting support from senior management and staff. Thus, in order to profit from adopting a ‘broad perspective’, firms must build a deep understanding of the benefits resulting from mutual value creation. However, the main challenge remains the systematic and strategy related integration of Corporate Social Responsibility strategies into core business processes. In respect to this, organizations have to take into account that “social and environment performance are almost certainly unique to each organization”. Thus, value creation in terms of CSR has to be understood as a highly complex set of cause-an-effect relationships among mediating variables and situational contingencies, which is too specific to rely on poorly structured and generic approaches.
In brief, organisations seem to struggle establishing an understanding that does not consider environmental, social and economic benefits as mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding, that such an understanding is established the complexity of factors influencing Corporate Social Responsibility impedes to balance between economic and non-economic criteria. Furthermore, organisations have difficulties to strategically integrate, manage and measure environmental and social performance drivers as well as outcome measures.
This paper is grounded in the emerging field of web science and shall contribute to its further classification and demarcation by illustrating the current state of »web-native research methods«. It builds upon an initial arraying work of Richard Rogers, who coined the term »Digital Methods« for research with methods that were »born« in the web, and illustrated and organized them in his eponymous book in 2013. This paper attempts to develop a more appropriate illustration of the Digital Methods by following the web’s very own, hypertextual, network-like nature, in particular by construing an ontological representation on the base of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). By virtue of decomposing the book into granular information units and their subsequent reassembly into OWL entities, immediate access to the entire knowledge domain can be provided, and coherencies, interrelations and distinctions between concepts become apparent. The ontology’s structure was induced narrowly along the provided examples of research projects and subsequently clustered in topic groups, of which the three most important ones were (a) the Digital Methods as an arraying space of web-native methodology, (b) a collection of concrete applications of these Digital Methods in research projects, and (c) a hierarchical scheme of traditional sciences with a distinct interest in answering research questions with help of Digital Methods. Subsequently, the ontology was evaluated in three general dimensions: Deriving user stories and scenarios provided means to validate the utilization quality; the accuracy and reliability of the resulting structure was validated with help of a control group of web-native research projects; and process control instruments served as a validator for the ontology’s correctness. Despite the ontology itself, this paper also resulted in a first interpretation of the produced information: Statements about research practise in social science, politics and philosophy were as possible as findings about commonly applied varieties of methods. Concluding, the present paper proposes a process of ontology engineering, an evaluation of the ontology’s value, and an interpretation of the ontology’s content.
The amount of data produced and stored in multiple types of distributed data sources is growing steadily. A crucial factor that determines whether data can be analyzed efficiently is the use of adequate visualizations. Almost simultaneously with the ongoing availability of data numerous types of visualization techniques have emerged. Since ordinary business intelligence users typically lack expert visualization knowledge, the selection and creation of visualizations can be a very time- and knowledge-consuming task. To encounter these problems an architecture that aims at supporting ordinary BI users in the selection of adequate visualizations is developed in this thesis. The basic idea is to automatically provide visualization recommendations based on the concrete BI scenario and formalized visualization knowledge. Ontologies that formalize all relevant knowledge play an important role in the developed architecture and are the key to make the knowledge machine-processable.
With a rapidly growing population and urbanization, most modern slums (favelas) also proliferated in Brazil since the 1950s when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved into the cities. Rio de Janeiro is one of those cities having a vast amount of favelas with poor living conditions. One of the main problems of electricity supply in favelas is illegal electricity use, called ‘Gato’ in Portuguese. Recent unexpected severe drought, economic crisis, and rapidly increased electricity price in Brazil affected the reliable supply of affordable electricity in favelas.
Considering abundant solar radiation of the country and the government’s willingness trying to shift the framework of energy supply from hydropower to renewable energy, this study analyzes the solar PV potentials to ensure a reliable supply of affordable electricity in favelas in Rio de Janeiro.
Literature reviews regarding solar PV development in Brazil, energy policy analysis in Brazil and electricity issues in favelas are revised. As a case study, the chosen favela ‘Babilônia’ is presented. The survey analysis about electricity consumption situation with social dimension targeting residences in Babilônia is implemented. Lastly, through economic analyses with cost-benefit calculation such as Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Cash Flow, Payback period, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Weighted-Average Cost of Capital (WACC) models, this study develops the possible financing alternatives to implement a solar PV project with different scenario analyses in the current solar PV market and solar energy policy of Brazil.
The results of this study can be used as an aid to comprehend the electricity supply issue of the most vulnerable class in Brazil and the solar PV as a solution.
Polyimides rank among the most heat-resistant polymers and find application in a variety of fields, including transportation, electronics, and membrane technology. The aim of this work is to study the structural, thermal, mechanical, and gas permeation properties of polyimide based nanocomposite membranes in flat sheet configuration. For this purpose, numerous advanced techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM, TEM, TGA, FT-IR, tensile strength, elongation test, and gas permeability measurements were carried out. In particular, BTDA–TDI/MDI (P84) co-polyimide was used as the matrix of the studied membranes, whereas multi-wall carbon nanotubes were employed as filler material at concentrations of up to 5 wt.% All studied films were prepared by the dry-cast process resulting in non-porous films of about 30–50 μm of thickness. An optimum filler concentration of 2 wt.% was estimated. At this concentration, both thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared membranes were improved, and the highest gas permeability values were also obtained. Finally, gas permeability experiments were carried out at 25, 50, and 100 ◦C with seven different pure gases. The results revealed that the uniform carbon nanotubes dispersion lead to enhanced gas permeation properties.
Dieser Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse einer Expertenbefragung zu dem Themenkomplex "Kindeswohl in Suchtfamilien" dar. Es wurden mit Hilfe eines standardisierten Interviewleitfadens 5 Experten aus der Suchtkrankenhilfe, dem Gesundheitswesen sowie der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe hinsichtlich ihrer Erfahrungen und Vorgehensweise mit einer möglichen Kindeswohlgefährdung in suchtbelasteten Familien befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine mögliche Kindeswohlgefährdung durch die Fachkräfte teilweise nur sehr schwer zu erfassen ist und ein Aus- und Fortbildungsbedarf bei den Mitarbeitern besteht.