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This paper studies the process of business cycle synchronization in the European Union and the euro area. As our baseline methodology we adopt rolling window correlation coefficients of various economic indicators, observed since 2000. Among the indicators, we distinguish between real economic indicators, like the real GDP growth and unemployment, and nominal indicators, like inflation and government budget. Given the direct implication of this kind of analysis for the common monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB), special attention is paid to the pattern of business cycle synchronization in the core and peripheral members of the euro area. Our analysis of quarterly data covering the first two decades of the euro area shows that there was a certain synchronization tendency in the first years of the common currency. However, the European debt crisis halted the economic integration within the European Union and—even more so—within the euro area. Since the ECB can to a large extent intervene only with “one-size-fits-all” monetary policy instruments, this renders increasingly cumbersome the conduct of stabilisation policies within the euro area.
Since the development of eGovernment systems is gaining worldwide momentum, the European Union is constantly increasing its efforts to induce the development of eGovernment systems in its member states. The currently running strategy is the ’eGovernment Action Plan 2016-2020’, which understands itself as a catalyst for developments in the member states.
Despite these ongoing efforts by the European Union regarding eGovernment, stud- ies are repeatedly revealing that the quality and acceptance by the citizens of dig- ital public services are varying heavily within the EU. Being based on the same political guidelines provided by the EU, the national strategies implemented the core principles to different degrees. These different implementation rates, analyzed for Germany, the United Kingdom and Estonia, supplement the holistic analysis of the eGovernment policies, applications and usage in each member state. This gets proven by the connection of this indicator with related studies in the field of eGov- ernment applications and usage within the European Union.
The aim of this thesis is, on the one hand, to quantify differences in the implementa- tion of the ’eGovernment Action Plan 2016-2020’ into national policies in Germany, the UK and Estonia and, on the other hand, establish this indicator as a valuable asset for evaluating and monitoring the eGovernment efforts by the EU member states.
Durch technische und politische Veränderungen wird die Vernetzung verschiedenster gesellschaftlicher Gebiete immer leichter – so auch im Bibliotheksbereich. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, was dies für die „Bibliothekslandschaft“ Europas bedeutet: Befinden die europäischen Bibliotheken sich in einer Phase intensiver Zusammenarbeit durch Vernetzung – oder ist bereits ein arbeitsteiliges System auf europäischer Ebene im Entstehen begriffen? Nach Beschreibung der verschiedenen Infrastrukturebenen wird das Zustandekommen zweier unterschiedlicher, EU-geförderter Projekte erläutert (IMPACT und EDLnet). Zum einen, um die Bedeutung von Vernetzung für typische Projektabläufe darzustellen, zum anderen, um zu zeigen, dass Projekte als „temporäre Systeme“ funktionieren. Auf Basis der Analyse werden „Desiderate“ für die Zusammenarbeit formuliert und abschließend die Frage nach „Systembildung“ oder „Vernetzung“ beantwortet.