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This paper presents a series of flow and temperature measurements on the principal heat network of :metabolon in Lindlar, Germany. These measurements intend to show the behaviour of the system on specific production areas of :metabolon for future monitoring and optimisation purposes. Such measurements allow the analysis of the system’s heat flow through the network, which showed that losses exist, some areas. The results demonstrate successfully that the temperature and flow changes deserve more detailed and fixed monitoring in specific areas to help the user decide the optimum measuring point.
Online-measurement systems for agricultural and industrial AD plants – A review and practice test
(2014)
Online-measurement systems for AD plants in general are crucial to allow for detailed and comprehensive process monitoring and provide a basis for the development and practical application of process optimisation and control strategies.
Nevertheless, the online measurement of key process variables such as Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and Total Alkalinity (TA) has proven to be difficult due to extreme process conditions. High Total Solids (TS) concentrations and extraneous material often damage the sensors or have a strong negative impact on measurement quality and long-term behaviour.
Consequently, there is a need for new robust and accurate online-measurement systems.
The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of existing online-measurement systems, to present the current state of research and to show the results of practice tests at an agricultural and industrial AD plant. It becomes obvious that a broad variety of measurement solutions have been developed over the past few years, but that the main problem is the upscaling from lab-scale to practical application at full-scale AD plants. Results from the practice tests show that an online-measurement of pH, ORP, TS is possible.
Mit Hilfe der Inline-ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie im mittelinfraroten (MIR) Spektralbereich lassen sich gleich mehrere Prozessparameter für Biogasanlagen in Echtzeit und ohne Probenahme verfolgen. Die gemessenen Absorptionsspektren geben simultan Aufschluss über den Gehalt an flüchtigen organischen Säuren (FOS), die alkalische Pufferkapazität (TAC) und die Ammoniumstickstoff-Konzentration (NH4-N).
Dabei können unter Verwendung intelligenter Datenanalyseverfahren, wie z.B. Partial Least Squares (PLS), Regression oder Support Vector Regression (SVR) sowie in kontrollierter Laborumgebung, Vorhersagefehler (RMSECV) von 0.372 g/l (FOS: R2=0.971), 0.336 g/l (TAC: R2=0.996) und 0.171 g/l (NH4-N: R2=0.992) im Falle der PLS, bzw. 0.386, 0.259 und 0.110 g/l für die SVR erreicht werden.
Erste Inline-Messungen in einer Biomüllvergärungsanlage zeigen, dass die erwarteten Absorptionsbanden auch im Prozessbetrieb wiedergefunden werden können. Sie unterliegen jedoch einem ausgeprägten Temperatureinfluss, der bei der Quantifizierung dieser Prozessdaten berücksichtigt werden muss. Weiterführende Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die Inline-Tauglichkeit des Messsystems unter Beweis zu stellen.
In this paper a closed-loop substrate feed control for agricultural biogas plants is proposed. In this case, multi-objective nonlinear model predictive control is used to control composition and amount of substrate feed to optimise the economic feasibility of a biogas plant whilst assuring process stability. The control algorithm relies on a detailed biogas plant simulation model using the Anaerobic
Digestion Model No. 1. The optimal control problem is solved using the state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization method SMS-EGO. Control performance is evaluated by means of a set point tracking problem in a noisy environment.
Results show, that the proposed control scheme is able to keep the produced electrical energy close to a set point with an RMSE of 0.9 %, thus maintaining optimal biogas plant operation.
This market research paper has been prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Veit of Cologne University of Applied Sciences and Prof. Dr. Carol Scovotti of University of Wisconsin-Whitewater in the course of the inter-university cross-border collaboration student research project “Export Opportunity Surveys (EOS)”. This study explores organic oats export opportunities to the German and US markets.
Diese Arbeit untersucht die zeitliche Interpolation von Videosignalen. Durch die
Einführung des Ultra High Definition Television Standard wird eine höhere Bildwiederholrate benötigz um
Judder-Artefakte zu vermeiden. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt der zeitlichen Interpolation von nicht nativem UHD Material eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Neben der räumlichen Interpolation ist diese essenziell. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Übersicht über die Anforderungen an UHD Video gegeben. Bewegungskompensierende
Verfahren für das Deinterlacing und Upscaling in Verbindung mit einer Phasenkorrelation werden behandelt. Ein MATLAB-Programm wird entwickelt mit dem ein Upscaling und Deinterlacing von HD Material durchgeführt werden kann.
This paper gives an overview of the development of Fair Trade in six European countries: Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. After the description of the food retail industry and its market structures in these countries, the main European Fair Trade organizations are analyzed regarding their role within the Fair Trade system. The following part deals with the development of Fair Trade sales in general and with respect to the products coffee, tea, bananas, fruit juice and sugar. An overview of the main activities of national Fair Trade organizations, e.g. public relation activities, completes the analysis. This study shows the enormous upswing of Fair Trade during the last decade and the reasons for this development. Nevertheless, it comes to the conclusion that Fair Trade is still far away from being an essential part of the food retail industry in Europe.
Die Einzelfadenverklebung zur Rissschließung in Leinwandbildträgern stellt ein bedeutendes Forschungsfeld dar, dem sich diese Arbeit widmet:
Erstmalig wurden in einem gemeinsamen Kontext uniaxiale Zugprüfungen an freien
Klebstofffilmen, verklebtem Garn und Gewebestreifen neben biaxialen Zugversuchen und multiaxialen Berstdruckprüfungen an Gewebeproben aus Leinen gegenübergestellt. Dazu wurden Rissverklebungen mit einer Auswahl unterschiedlicher Kunstharzdispersionen und Störleim-Modifikationen in überlappenden bzw. Stoß-auf-Stoß-Verbindungen mit und ohne Fadenbrücken angefertigt.
Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die einzelnen Einflussfaktoren bei den verschiedenen Versuchsreihen zu vergleichen und eine geeignete Prüfsystematik für die Klebstoffbewertung zur Rissbehandlung in textilen Bildträgern zu entwickeln.
Es zeigte sich, dass nur die Prüfung mehrerer verklebter Fäden im Gewebeverbund als langfristig sinnvoller Prüfaufbau verfolgt werden sollte. Im Zuge der Verklebungsbetrachtung konnten zudem vielversprechende Klebstoffe und -modifikationen gefunden sowie der zusätzlich verfestigende Effekt von Fadenbrücken an Stoß-auf-Stoß-Verbindungen belegt werden.
This paper is grounded in the emerging field of web science and shall contribute to its further classification and demarcation by illustrating the current state of »web-native research methods«. It builds upon an initial arraying work of Richard Rogers, who coined the term »Digital Methods« for research with methods that were »born« in the web, and illustrated and organized them in his eponymous book in 2013. This paper attempts to develop a more appropriate illustration of the Digital Methods by following the web’s very own, hypertextual, network-like nature, in particular by construing an ontological representation on the base of the Web Ontology Language (OWL). By virtue of decomposing the book into granular information units and their subsequent reassembly into OWL entities, immediate access to the entire knowledge domain can be provided, and coherencies, interrelations and distinctions between concepts become apparent. The ontology’s structure was induced narrowly along the provided examples of research projects and subsequently clustered in topic groups, of which the three most important ones were (a) the Digital Methods as an arraying space of web-native methodology, (b) a collection of concrete applications of these Digital Methods in research projects, and (c) a hierarchical scheme of traditional sciences with a distinct interest in answering research questions with help of Digital Methods. Subsequently, the ontology was evaluated in three general dimensions: Deriving user stories and scenarios provided means to validate the utilization quality; the accuracy and reliability of the resulting structure was validated with help of a control group of web-native research projects; and process control instruments served as a validator for the ontology’s correctness. Despite the ontology itself, this paper also resulted in a first interpretation of the produced information: Statements about research practise in social science, politics and philosophy were as possible as findings about commonly applied varieties of methods. Concluding, the present paper proposes a process of ontology engineering, an evaluation of the ontology’s value, and an interpretation of the ontology’s content.
Vorlesungsnotizen, Präsentationen, To-do-Listen – und vielleicht auch der eine oder andere Schmierzettel: Wie Studierende lernen, bleibt Dozenten oft verborgen. In Lernportfolios sammeln Studierende solche Dokumente dagegen systematisch. Davon können auch Lehrende profitieren – wenn sie ihre Kursteilnehmer gut anleiten.