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To compensate the shortage of cyber risk data and offer some indication of the status quo on the data available on cyber risks, the researchers prepared a systematic overview to offer cyber risk stakeholders a database of publicly accessible data on cyber risks and cybersecurity. The study focussed on the data sets used in the academic literature.
Based on the idea of sustainable development, the BioTrade principles and criteria (P&C), based on the idea of sustainable development, have been the essential core guiding the implementation of BioTrade activities since their inception by UNCTAD in 2007. However, after identifying that BioTrade of medicinal plants causes negative impacts on the traditional knowledge related to these plants, the P&C were evaluated in light of the most relevant international agreements that contribute to the safeguarding of this knowledge. The result obtained from the assessment showed that the P&C present many gaps that prevent evaluating the real impact of trade on the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Indigenous and local communities. Therefore, in the same framework of the current P&C, the main recommendations contained in the international agreements and the suggestions of specialists in the field have been gathered to create a BioTrade standard that contributes to safeguarding traditional medicinal plant knowledge within a commercial context in any BioTrade initiative where the commercialized product is a sacred or native plant with traditional and cultural value for a community.
Today, IT infrastructure represents the central nervous system of every company. Many of the activities of our daily lives are handled via the Internet. There is a lack of an adequately sustainable awareness of the cyber risks to which companies are exposed due to advanced digital networking. This is partly due to the fact that the danger of so-called ‘cyber attacks’ is only partially palpable to many, with attacks going unnoticed in some cases. As a result of major incidents, such as WannaCry and Petya in 2017, or Emotet in 2019, awareness of these risks should be keen, and yet vulnerability remains high due to the often insufficient protections against cyber crime.
Die Gefahr „Cyber“ wird in der Erst- und Rückversicherungswirtschaft als Wachstumssparte weltweit angesehen und entwickelt sich seit den letzten fünf Jahren dynamischer als jede andere Gefahr. Dieses wichtige Thema beschäftigt sowohl Erst- und Rückversicherungsunternehmen
in allen Bereichen. Mit Hilfe von Serviceleistungen (zum Beispiel mit Präventionen, risikogerechten Pricing-Modellen und Schadenbearbeitungen) bietet sich für die
Rückversicherungswirtschaft ein weltweiter Wachstumsmarkt. Die Komplexität der Cyber Gefahr und die sich entwickelnde Natur des Risikos bringen vielfältige Herausforderungen bei der Gestaltung von Versicherungsprodukten, beim Underwriting, beim Risikomanagement und bei der Kumulkontrolle mit sich - sowohl für Erst- als auch Rückversicherungsgesellschaften. Eine korrekte Cyber-Risikobewertung ist daher unabdingbar
und der richtige Ansatz muss stets weiterentwickelt werden. Insbesondere die Vielfältigkeit eines Cyber Events ist hierbei zu berücksichtigen. So können für Erst- und Rückversicherungsunternehmen nicht nur Kosten für Datenverluste entstehen, sondern auch Kosten für Rekonstruktionen der IT-Infrastruktur, Kosten für Netzwerk- und Betriebsunterbrechungen, Kosten für das Krisenmanagement, Kosten für das Reputationsrisiko, als auch Kosten für Haftpflichtansprüche Dritter.
The ‘cyber’ threat is regarded as a growth area in the
primary and reinsurance sectors worldwide and for the past five years has been developing more dynamically than any other hazard. This major topic concerns both primary and reinsurance companies in all areas, whether in property, liability, transport or accident insurance. Services (prevention, risk-based pricing models and claims processing, for example) present a global growth market for the reinsurance industry. The complexity of the cyber threat and the evolving nature of the risk involved present a host of challenges for the design of insurance products, for underwriting, for risk management and for cumulative control – for both primary and reinsurance companies. Correct assessment of cyber risk is therefore indispensable, and the right approach must always be developed further. Special attention needs to be given to the variety of forms a cyber event can take. Thus, primary and reinsurance companies can incur not only the costs of data loss, but also the costs of
reconstructing IT infrastructure, the costs of network and business interruptions, costs of crisis management, costs of reputational risk, and the costs of third-party liability claims.
Konzeption einer flexiblen Systemarchitektur zur dynamischen Konfiguration hybrider Lernräume
(2021)
In dieser Arbeit wird eine dynamische Systemarchitektur für die Schaffung hybrider Ökosysteme konzipiert, welche eine flexible und kontextgerechte Konfiguration hybrider Lernräume ermöglichen. Aufgrund der variierenden Definitionen hybrider Lehre und Lernräume sowie der schwachen Abgrenzung zu verwandten Begriffen findet hierfür zunächst eine Konkretisierung eigener Arbeitsdefinitionen statt. Aufbauend auf diesen Begriffsbestimmungen und ausführlichen Literaturrecherchen, werden anschließend sich interdisziplinär überschneidende Kernelemente hybrider Lehre und Lernräume identifiziert sowie in einem Übersichtsmodell zusammengefasst. Durch die Literaturrecherche ersichtliche Charakteristiken des hybriden Paradigmas werden ebenso in
Beziehung gesetzt und zusammenfassend aufgeführt. Auf Basis dieser Übersichten und unter Berücksichtigung weiterer Forschungsergebnisse wird nachfolgend ein Vorgehensmodell kreiert, welches kontextgerechte Designs hybrider Systeme strukturiert ermöglicht. Neben didaktischen, physischen und digitalen Komponenten werden dafür diverse Typen von Lernaktivitäten identifiziert, welche als Ausgangspunkt eine effiziente und praxisorientierte Planung ermöglichen.
Alle erstellten Modelle bilden abschließend die Grundlage der konzipierten Systemarchitektur, in welcher die hybriden Kernkonzepte aus einer technischen Perspektive beleuchtet werden. Das hierdurch repräsentierte Microservice-Websystem beinhaltet neben notwendigen Basis-Services vor allem einen dynamischen Plugin-Mechanismus, welcher die flexible Integration neuer Bestandteile ermöglicht. So kann der Funktionsumfang auf sich wandelnde Anforderungen der Nutzer angepasst werden und die Anwendung mit der Zeit zu einem umfassenden Ökosystem heranwachsen.
Der Ausbruch der COVID-19-Pandemie und die zur Bekämpfung des Virus erlassenen Coronaschutzverordnungen verschärfen die Lebenslagen geflüchteter und flüchtender Menschen und erschweren die Arbeit von sozialen Bewegungsakteuren und Organisationen der Sozialen Arbeit, die auf Missstände im Kontext von Flucht und Asyl aufmerksam machen und sich für deren Verbesserung einsetzen. In dieser Arbeit wurde daher der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich zivilgesellschaftliche und sozialarbeiterische Organisationen seit der Pandemie für geflüchtete Menschen und Menschen auf der Flucht einsetzen. Mithilfe von sieben leitfadengestützten Interviews mit Personen aus Lokalgruppen von Seenotrettungsorganisationen, Willkommensinitiativen und Organisationen der Sozialen Arbeit wurde rekonstruiert, wie die befragten Akteure ihre Situationen erleben und auf welche Weise sie sich zu diesen wahrgenommenen Gegebenheiten verhalten und auf sie einwirken. Dabei wurden sowohl fallübergreifende Kategorien identifiziert, wie innerorganisationale Gestaltungsprozesse, die Bedeutung von Vernetzung und Engagementbereitschaft sowie die Wahrnehmung von gesellschaftlichem Klima und politischen bzw. medialen Entwicklungen, als auch fallspezifische Bedingungen und Bewältigungsmuster der jeweiligen Organisationen herausgearbeitet. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wurde schließlich auf das Verhältnis zwischen Fachkräften der Sozialen Arbeit und Aktivist:innen bzw. Engagierten gelegt, da die Beziehung von sozialen Bewegungen und der Sozialen Arbeit insgesamt bisher empirisch unterbelichtet ist
Das vorliegende Paper fasst Ansätze, Modelle und moderne Möglichkeiten der Erfassung der Customer Decision Journey – des Weges eines Kunden zum und mit einem Unternehmen – zusammen.
Es basiert auf der Bachelorarbeit von Herr Habibullah Massoudy, der von Oktober 2020 bis Januar 2021 von Prof. Dr. Monika Engelen und Prof. Dr. Torsten Klein betreut wurde. Neben einer Recherche der grundlegenden Theorie wurden auch Herausforderungen und die Möglichkeiten des Trackings des Journeys betrachtet.
Dieses Paper soll als grundlegender Einstieg in das Thema Customer Decision Journey dienen.
Das vorliegende Praxis Paper stellt die Erkenntnisse aus der Analyse der Social Media Präsenz von deutschen B2B Unternehmen dar.
Die Grundlage liefert das Praxisprojekt von Simon Schiffbauer, welches von April bis Juni 2020 von Prof. Dr. Monika Engelen betreut wurde. In diesem wurden mittels einer Datensammlung die Social Media Nutzung sowie die Aktivitäten der 75 größten deutschen B2B Unternehmen analysiert.
Ziel des Praxis Papers ist es, einen Einblick in die Nutzung und Einbindung der sozialen Medien von B2B Unternehmen zu geben. Der Fokus liegt dabei besonders auf den professionellen Social Media Kanälen Xing, LinkedIn und Kununu und der dortigen Darstellung und Vermarktung der untersuchten Unternehmen. Das Praxis Paper soll auch als Orientierung und Leitfaden zur Gestaltung, Vermark-tung und Nutzung von Social Media für B2B Unternehmen dienen.
The main scope of this work is to develop nano-carbon-based mixed matrix celluloseacetate membranes (MMMs) for the potential use in both gas and liquid separation processes. Forthis purpose, a variety of mixed matrix membranes, consisting of cellulose acetate (CA) polymerand carbon nanotubes as additive material were prepared, characterized, and tested. Multi-walledcarbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as filler material and diacetone alcohol (DAA) as solvent.The first main objective towards highly efficient composite membranes was the proper preparationof agglomerate-free MWCNTs dispersions. Rotor-stator system (RS) and ultrasonic sonotrode (USS)were used to achieve the nanofillers’ dispersion. In addition, the first results of the application of thethree-roll mill (TRM) technology in the filler dispersion achieved were promising. The filler material,MWCNTs, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and liquid nitrogen (LN2)adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. The derivatives CA-based mixed matrix membranes werecharacterized by tensile strength and water contact angle measurements, impedance spectroscopy,gas permeability/selectivity measurements, and water permeability tests. The studied membranesprovide remarkable water permeation properties, 12–109 L/m2/h/bar, and also good separationfactors of carbon dioxide and helium separations. Specifically, a separation factor of 87 for 10%He/N2feed concentration and a selectivity value of 55.4 for 10% CO2/CH4feed concentrationwere achieved.
Hydrogen is nowadays in focus as an energy carrier that is locally emission free. Especiallyin combination with fuel-cells, hydrogen offers the possibility of a CO2neutral mobility, providedthat the hydrogen is produced with renewable energy. Structural parts of automotive componentsare often made of steel, but unfortunately they may show degradation of the mechanical propertieswhen in contact with hydrogen. Under certain service conditions, hydrogen uptake into the appliedmaterial can occur. To ensure a safe operation of automotive components, it is therefore necessary toinvestigate the time, temperature and pressure dependent hydrogen uptake of certain steels, e.g., todeduct suitable testing concepts that also consider a long term service application. To investigate thematerial dependent hydrogen uptake, a tubular autoclave was set-up. The underlying paper describesthe set-up of this autoclave that can be pressurised up to 20 MPa at room temperature and can beheated up to a temperature of 250◦C, due to an externally applied heating sleeve. The second focusof the paper is the investigation of the pressure dependent hydrogen solubility of the martensiticstainless steel 1.4418. The autoclave offers a very fast insertion and exertion of samples and thereforehas significant advantages compared to commonly larger autoclaves. Results of hydrogen chargingexperiments are presented, that were conducted on the Nickel-martensitic stainless steel 1.4418.Cylindrical samples 3 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length were hydrogen charged within theautoclave and subsequently measured using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The resultsshow how hydrogen sorption curves can be effectively collected to investigate its dependence ontime, temperature and hydrogen pressure, thus enabling, e.g., the deduction of hydrogen diffusioncoefficients and hydrogen pre-charging concepts for material testing.
Pluvial floods claimed more than 180 lives in Germany in July 2021, when a large and slow-moving storm system affected Germany and many neighbouring countries. The death tolls and damages were the highest since 1962 in Germany, and soon after, the crisis management was under public critique. This study has undertaken an online survey to understand crisis management better and identify lessons to learn. It has received a positive interest among operational relief forces and other helpers (n = 2264). The findings reveal an overall satisfaction with the operation in general as well as personal lessons learned. It also reveals shortcomings in many areas, ranging from information distribution, coordination, parallel ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, infrastructure resilience, and other factors. Just as well, areas for improvement of the crisis management system are suggested by the respondents. Cooperation and support by the affected population are perceived as positive. This helps to inform other areas of research that are necessary, such as studies on the perception by the affected people. The gaps in assessments of operational forces and some methodological constraints are discussed to advance future follow-up studies.
Bridging Gaps in Minimum Humanitarian Standards and Shelter Planning by Critical Infrastructures
(2021)
Current agendas such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction or the Sustain-able Development Goals are demanding more integration of disaster risk management into otherthematic fields and relevant sectors. However, certain thematic fields such as shelter planning andcritical infrastructure have not been integrated yet. This article provides an analysis of minimumhumanitarian standards contained in the well-known Sphere handbook. Gaps are identified forseveral critical infrastructure services. Moreover, guidance on how to derive infrastructure or lifelineneeds has been found missing. This article analyses the missing service supply and infrastructureidentification items and procedures. The main innovation is a more integrative perspective on infras-tructure that can improve existing minimum humanitarian standards. It can guide the provision ofinfrastructure services to various types for different hazard scenarios, hence make humanitarian aidand shelter planning more sustainable in terms of avoiding infrastructure or lifeline shortages.
Remote sensing applications of change detection are increasingly in demand for many areas of land use and urbanization, and disaster risk reduction. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the New Urban Agenda by the United Nations call for risk monitoring. This study maps and assesses the urban area changes of 23 Mexican-USA border cities with a remote sensing-based approach. A literature study on existing studies on hazard mapping and social vulnerability in those cities reveals a need for further studies on urban growth. Using a multi-modal combination of aerial, declassified (CORONA, GAMBIT, HEXAGON programs), and recent (Sentinel-2) satellite imagery, this study expands existing land cover change assessments by capturing urban growth back to the 1940s. A Geographic Information System and census data assessment results reveal that massive urban growth has occurred on both sides of the national border. On the Mexican side, population and area growth exceeds the US cities in many cases. In addition, flood hazard exposure has grown along with growing city sizes, despite structural river training. These findings indicate a need for more risk monitoring that includes remote sensing data. It has socio-economic implications, too, as the social vulnerability on Mexican and US sides differ. This study calls for the maintenance and expansion of open data repositories to enable such transboundary risk comparisons. Common vulnerability variable sets could be helpful to enable better comparisons as well as comparable flood zonation mapping techniques. To enable risk monitoring, basic data such as urban boundaries should be mapped per decade and provided on open data platforms in GIS formats and not just in map viewers.
Floods are a known natural hazard in Germany, but the amount of precipitation and ensuing high death toll and damages after the events especially from 14 to 15 July 2021 came as a surprise. Almost immediately questions about failure in the early warning chains and the effectiveness of the German response emerged, also internationally. This article presents lessons to learn and argues against a blame culture. The findings are based on comparisons with findings from previous research projects carried out in the Rhein-Erft Kreis and the city of Cologne, as well as on discussions with operational relief forces after the 2021 events. The main disaster aspects of the 2021 flood are related to issuing and understanding warnings, a lack of information and data exchange, unfolding upon a situation of an ongoing pandemic and aggravated further by critical infrastructure failure. Increasing frequencies of flash floods and other extremes due to climate change are just one side of the transformation and challenge, Germany and neighbouring countries are facing. The vulnerability paradox also heavily contributes to it; German society became increasingly vulnerable to failure due to an increased dependency on its infrastructure and emergency system, and the ensuing expectations of the public for a perfect system.
Linoleic acid hydroperoxides are versatile intermediates for the production of green note aroma compounds and bifunctional ω-oxo-acids. An enzyme cascade consisting of lipoxygenase, lipase and catalase was developed for one-pot synthesis of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid starting from safflower oil. Reaction conditions were optimized for hydroperoxidation using lipoxygenase 1 from Glycine max (LOX-1) in a solvent-free system. The addition of green surfactant Triton CG-110 improved the reaction more than two-fold and yields of >50% were obtained at linoleic acid concentrations up to 100 mM. To combine hydroperoxidation and oil hydrolysis, 12 lipases were screened for safflower oil hydrolysis under the reaction conditions optimized for LOX-1. Lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to hydrolyze safflower oil to >75% within 5 h at a pH of 8.0. In contrast to C. rugosa lipase, the enzyme from P. fluorescens did not exhibit a lag phase. Combination of P. fluorescens lipase and LOX-1 worked well upon LOX-1 dosage and a synergistic effect was observed leading to >80% of hydroperoxides. Catalase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus was used for in-situ oxygen production with continuous H2O2 dosage in the LOX-1/lipase reaction system. Foam generation was significantly reduced in the 3-enzyme cascade in comparison to the aerated reaction system. Safflower oil concentration was increased up to 300 mM linoleic acid equivalent and 13-hydroperoxides could be produced in a yield of 70 g/L and a regioselectivity of 90% within 7 h.
Bevor mit der Entwicklung eines interaktiven Systems begonnen werden kann, müssen mehrere Technologieentscheidungen getroffen werden. In der Web-Frontend-Entwicklung wird durch die steigende Diversität von standardisierten Technologien und Drittanbieter-Frameworks bzw. Libraries diese Entscheidung erschwert. Für den Kooperationspartner Junges Musical Leverkusen e. V. ist es besonders wichtig, langlebige Software zu entwickeln. Der ehrenamtlich-arbeitende Verein hat eine geringe Ressourcenverfügbarkeit, um Entwicklungsprojekte kontinuierlich zu pflegen. Für ein Ticketverkaufssystem soll nun eine langlebige Technologieentscheidung getroffen werden.
In dieser Arbeit wird der Web Components Standard vorgestellt und auf seine Langlebigkeit untersucht. Dazu werden Standards im Web im Allgemeinen vorgestellt. Unterschiedliche Entscheidungsorgane und Standardisierungsprozesse werden erläutert. Um eine Aussage über die Lebenszeit von Standards in Web Browsern zu treffen, wird ein Paper des Google-Chrome-Teams vorgestellt, aus dem geschlossen werden kann, dass keine allgemeingültige Vorhersage über den Zeitpunkt des Verfalls von Standards getroffen werden kann. Dennoch werden Web Standards in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Verwendung im Web, Sicherheitsproblemen und anderen Faktoren als veraltet markiert.
Der komponenten-getriebene Ansatz von Software-Entwicklung wird vorgestellt, um Web Components im Kontext der Softwareentwicklung zu verstehen. Die Spezifikationen der Webtechnologien für den Web Components Standard werden im Detail vorgestellt, um im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit Grenzen des Standards zu erörtern. Des Weiteren wird eine Auswahl von Drittanbieter-Frameworks nach einer gekürzten Liste von Metriken verglichen. Konzepte und Prinzipien dieser Frameworks werden erläutert.
Es werden allgemeingültige Konzepte und Prinzipien vorgestellt, die das Thema der Langlebigkeit von Software adressieren. Hierzu zählen Test-Driven Development und Coding Style. Der Diskurs um diese Konzepte wird angerissen. Als Konzept für die Langlebigkeit von Web-Frontendprojekten wird die Bewegung Lean Web vorgestellt.
Es wird damit abgeschlossen, dass die Verwendung des Web Component Standard diskutiert wird. Die Konzepte aus den untersuchten Frameworks und die Prinzipien zur Erreichung einer Langlebigkeit von Software werden in die Diskussion eingebracht. Es wird überprüft, inwieweit eine Bewertung des Standards möglich ist und ob dem Kooperationspartner die Verwendung der Technologie zu empfehlen ist.
This paper studies the process of business cycle synchronization in the European Union and the euro area. As our baseline methodology we adopt rolling window correlation coefficients of various economic indicators, observed since 2000. Among the indicators, we distinguish between real economic indicators, like the real GDP growth and unemployment, and nominal indicators, like inflation and government budget. Given the direct implication of this kind of analysis for the common monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB), special attention is paid to the pattern of business cycle synchronization in the core and peripheral members of the euro area. Our analysis of quarterly data covering the first two decades of the euro area shows that there was a certain synchronization tendency in the first years of the common currency. However, the European debt crisis halted the economic integration within the European Union and—even more so—within the euro area. Since the ECB can to a large extent intervene only with “one-size-fits-all” monetary policy instruments, this renders increasingly cumbersome the conduct of stabilisation policies within the euro area.
This paper introduces a Business Cycle Indicator to compile a transparent and reliable chronology of past business cycle turning points for Germany. The Indicator is derived applying the statistical method of Principal Component Analysis, based on information from 20 economic time series. In this way, the Business Cycle Indicator grasps the development of the broader economic activity and has several advantages over a business cycle assessment based on quarterly series of Gross Domestic Product.
The increase in greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels and land use change, has led to changes in the global climate. Agriculture is one of the economic sectors most vulnerable to the impacts generated by climate change. For this reason, the challenge facing humanity today is to develop innovative solutions to address the complexity of agricultural sustainability.
On the other hand, sugarcane is one of the crops that emits the most pollutants into the atmosphere, mainly due to the burning of sugarcane before and after harvesting. Most of these atmospheric pollutants are precursors of climate change and have an impact on the health and quality of life of communities. Moreover, this agricultural practice causes the gradual deterioration of the soil, directly affecting sugarcane production. Consequently, several sugarcane-producing countries have established regulations or dispositions to eliminate this agricultural practice, and one option to eliminate it is the mechanization of harvesting. However, its implementation implies social, environmental, and economic impacts that must be analyzed systemically to avoid potential failures during the technological transition process. It is for this reason that this research, through the MICMAC method, focused on identifying the variables associated with the reduction of sugarcane burning in Campos dos Goytacazes and Tamasopo, to subsequently analyze their direct and indirect interrelationship, and, thus, determine the opportunities and limitations of each locality for the reduction of sugarcane burning.
Through this analysis, it became evident that although the technological transition is an imminent step for the sustainability of sugarcane cultivation, certain factors such as legislation, technological innovation, and the perception of the stakeholders regarding the consequences of sugarcane burning, is what defines in the study sites the speed and subsequent success of this process of change towards green harvesting.